The purpose of Buddhist moral precepts
\There are three
fundamental modes of training in Buddhist practice: morality, mental culture,
and wisdom. The English word morality is used to translate the Pali term sila,
although the Buddhist term contains its own particular connotations. The word sila
denotes a state of normalcy, a condition which is basically unqualified and
unadulterated. When one practices sila, one returns to one's own basic
goodness, the original state of normalcy, unperturbed and unmodified. Killing a
human being, for instance, is not basically human nature; if it were, human
beings would have ceased to exist a long time ago. A person commits an act of
killing because he or she is blinded by greed, rage or hatred. Such negative
qualities as anger, hatred, greed, ill will, and jealousy are factors that
alter people's nature and make them into something other than their true self.
To practice sila is thus to train in preserving one's true nature, not
allowing it to be modified or overpowered by negative forces.
This definition points
to the objective of Buddhist morality rather than to the practice itself, but
it does give us an idea of the underlying philosophy behind the training, as
well as how the Buddhist moral precepts should be followed. These precepts are
a means to an end, they are observed for a specific objective.
On the personal level,
the observance of precepts serves as the preliminary groundwork for the
cultivation of higher virtues or mental development. Sila is the most
important step on the spiritual path. Without morality, right concentration
cannot be attained, and without right concentration, wisdom cannot be fully
perfected. Thus, morality not only enhances people's ethical values and
fulfills their noble status as human beings, but it is crucial to their efforts
toward the highest religious goal of Nibbana.
On the social level, sila
contributes to harmonious and peaceful coexistence among community members and
consequently helps to promote social growth and development. In a society where
morality prevails and members are conscious of their roles, there will be
general security, mutual trust, and close cooperation, these in turn leading to
greater progress and prosperity. Without morality there will be corruption and
disturbance, and all members of society are adversely affected. Most of the
problems that society experiences today are connected, directly or indirectly,
with a lack of good morality.
Questions of morality
always concern the issues of right and wrong, good and evil. For a moral life
to be meaningful these issues must not remain mere theoretical principles, but
translated into practice. Good must be performed, evil must be given up. It is
not enough to know what is good or evil, we also need to take proper action
with respect to them. We need concrete guidelines to follow, and these are
provided by the Buddhist moral precepts. Even the oft-quoted Buddhist ideals of
abstention from evil, implementation of what is good, and perfect mental
purification can be initially actualized through a consistent practice of moral
precepts. The precepts help us to live those ideals; they teach us to do the
right things and to avoid the wrong.
Buddhist moral precepts
provide a wholesome foundation for personal and social growth. They are
practical principles for a good life and the cultivation of virtues. If we
understand the objectives of sila and realize its benefits, we will see moral precepts as an integral part
of life rather than as a burden that we are compelled to shoulder. Buddhist
moral precepts are not commandments imposed by force; they are a course of
training willingly undertaken in order to achieve a desired objective. We do
not practice to please a supreme being, but for our own good and the good of
society. As individuals, we need to train in morality to lead a good and noble
life. On the social level, we need to help maintain peace and harmony in
society and facilitate the progress of the common good. The practice of moral
precepts is essential in this regard.
Distinguishing good and evil
The problems of good and
evil, right and wrong, have been dealt with in the discussion on kamma.
Here it may suffice to give a brief summary on the subject.
To determine whether an
action is good or evil, right or wrong, Buddhist ethics takes into account
three components involved in a kammic action. The first is the intention that
motivates the action, the second is the effect the doer experiences consequent
to the action, and the third is the effect that others experience as a result
of that action. If the intention is good, rooted in positive mental qualities
such as love, compassion, and wisdom, if the result to the doer is wholesome
(for instance, it helps him or her to become more compassionate and unselfish),
and if those to whom the action is directed also experience a positive result
thereof, then that action is good, wholesome, or skillful (kusala). If,
on the other hand, the action is rooted in negative mental qualities such as
hatred and selfishness, if the outcome experienced by the doer is negative and
unpleasant, and if the recipients of the action also experience undesirable
effects from the action or become more hateful and selfish, then that action is
unwholesome or unskillful (akusala).
It is quite probable
that on the empirical level an action may appear to be a mixture of good and
bad elements, in spite of the intention and the way it is performed. Thus, an
action committed with the best of intentions may not bring the desired result
for either the doer or the recipient. Sometimes an action based on negative
intentions may produce seemingly positive results (as stealing can produce
wealth). Due to lack of knowledge and understanding, people may confuse one set
of actions with an unrelated set of results and make wrong conclusions, or
simply misjudge them on account of social values and conventions. This can lead
to misconceptions about the law of kamma and loss of moral
consciousness. This is why precepts are necessary in the practice of moral
discipline: they provide definite guidelines and help to avoid some of the
confusion that empirical observation and social conventions may entail.
Buddhist moral precepts
are based on the Dhamma, and they reflect such eternal values as compassion,
respect, self-restraint, honesty, and wisdom. These are values that are
cherished by all civilizations, and their significance is universally recognized.
Moral precepts that are based on such values or directed toward their
realization will always be relevant to human society, no matter to what extent
it has developed. Moreover, their validity can be empirically tested on the
basis of one's own sensitivity and conscience, which are beyond factors of time
and place. Killing, for instance, is objectionable when considered from the
perspective of oneself being the victim of the action (although when other
lives are subjected to the same act, its undesirability may not be felt as
strongly). The same is true with regard to stealing, lying, and sexual
misconduct. Because Buddhist moral precepts are grounded on these factors,
their practicality remains intact even today, and their usefulness is beyond
question.
Precepts for lay Buddhists
Observance of the five
precepts constitutes the minimum moral obligation of a practicing lay Buddhist.
These five precepts enjoin against killing living beings, taking what is not
given (or stealing), sexual misconduct, false speech, and use of intoxicating
drink or drugs.
The practice of Buddhist
moral precepts deeply affects one's personal and social life. The fact that
they represent a course of training which one willingly undertakes rather than
a set of commandments willfully imposed by a God or supreme being is likely to
have a positive bearing upon one's conscience and awareness. On the personal
level, the precepts help one to lead a moral life and to advance further on the
spiritual path. Moreover, popular Buddhism believes that the practice of
morality contributes to the accumulation of merits that both support one in the
present life and ensure happiness and prosperity in the next. On the social
level, observing the five precepts helps to promote peaceful coexistence, mutual
trust, a cooperative spirit, and general peace and harmony in society. It also
helps to maintain an atmosphere which is conducive to social progress and
development, as we can see from the practical implications of each precept.
The first precept admonishes
against the destruction of life. This is based on the principle of goodwill and
respect for the right to life of all living beings. By observing this precept
one learns to cultivate loving kindness and compassion. One sees others'
suffering as one's own and endeavors to do what one can to help alleviate their
problems. Personally, one cultivates love and compassion; socially, one
develops an altruistic spirit for the welfare of others.
The second precept, not
to take things which are not given, signifies respect for others' rights to
possess wealth and property. Observing the second precept, one refrains from
earning one's livelihood through wrongful means, such as by stealing or
cheating. This precept also implies the cultivation of generosity, which on a
personal level helps to free one from attachment and selfishness, and on a
social level contributes to friendly cooperation in the community.
The third precept, not
to indulge in sexual misconduct, includes rape, adultery, sexual promiscuity,
paraphilia, and all forms of sexual aberration. This precept teaches one to
respect one's own spouse as well as those of others, and encourages the
practice of self-restraint, which is of utmost importance in spiritual
training. It is also interpreted by some scholars to mean the abstention from
misuse of senses and includes, by extension, non-transgression on things that
are dear to others, or abstention from intentionally hurting other's feelings.
For example, a young boy may practice this particular precept by refraining
from intentionally damaging his sister's dolls. If he does, he may be said to
have committed a breach of morality. This precept is intended to instill in us
a degree of self-restraint and a sense of social propriety, with particular
emphasis on sexuality and sexual behavior.
The fourth precept, not
to tell lies or resort to falsehood, is an important factor in social life and
dealings. It concerns respect for truth. A respect for truth is a strong
deterrent to inclinations or temptation to commit wrongful actions, while
disregard for the same will only serve to encourage evil deeds. The Buddha has
said: "There are few evil deeds that a liar is incapable of
committing." The practice of the fourth precept, therefore, helps to preserve
one's credibility, trustworthiness, and honor.
The last of the five
Buddhist moral precepts enjoins against the use of intoxicants. On the personal
level, abstention from intoxicants helps to maintain sobriety and a sense of
responsibility. Socially, it helps to prevent accidents, such as car accidents,
that can easily take place under the influence of intoxicating drink or drugs.
Many crimes in society are committed under the influence of these harmful
substances. The negative effects they have on spiritual practice are too
obvious to require any explanation.
The five precepts
Theravada Buddhism
preserves the Buddha's teachings and conducts religious ceremonies mainly in
the original Pali language. The five precepts are also recited in Pali, and
their meanings are generally known to most Buddhists. In the following the
original Pali text is given in italics, and the corresponding English
translation is given side by side:
1. Panatipata
veramani sikkhapadam samadiyami: I observe the precept of abstaining from
the destruction of life.
2. Adinnadana
veramani sikkhapadam samadiyami: I observe the precept of abstaining from
taking that which is not given.
3. Kamesu micchacara
veramani sikkhapadam samadiyami: I observe the precept of abstaining from
sexual misconduct.
4. Musavada veramani
sikkhapadam samadiyami: I observe the precept of abstaining from falsehood.
5. Suramerayamajjapamadatthana
veramani sikkhapadam samadiyami: I observe the precept of abstaining from
intoxicants that cloud the mind and cause carelessness.
The refrain "I
observe the precept of abstaining from ..." which begins every precept
clearly shows that these are not commandments. They are, indeed, moral codes of
conduct that lay Buddhists willingly undertake out of clear understanding and
conviction that they are good for both themselves and for society.
Practical application of the five precepts
Training is based on the
axiomatic assumption that human beings have the potential for development. In order
that this development may be realized, a concrete standard is needed by which
people may train themselves. The five precepts are meant to fulfill this need.
For example, compassion
is a spiritual quality that we all possess to some degree. However, without a
conscious and persistent effort to develop it, this important quality may
remain rudimentary and weak. By consciously practicing the first precept, we
bring this compassion to a higher level of development and come a step closer
to the realization of the Dhamma. In the process, our conduct becomes more
refined and our mind becomes more sensitive to the problems and suffering of
others. By practicing the second precept we not only purify our livelihood but
train in generosity and non-attachment. The third precept has a direct
connection with the training in sense restraint, which is an essential feature
in higher spiritual development. In fact, enlightenment is not possible without
mastery over the senses. The fourth precept deals with training in truthfulness
and virtuous speech. The objective of this precept is not only the cultivation
of respect for truth, but a way of life that is sincere and free from falsehood
in every respect. Even the fifth precept, which enjoins against the use of
intoxicants, is not merely negative, for the resultant effects that take place
in the mind in terms of mental strength and moral integrity are very positive.
The observance of this precept is also a natural precursor to the cultivation
of mindfulness and wisdom, which are the essence of insight meditation. Each
and every precept increases our awareness of how we may skillfully conduct
ourselves in body and speech and helps us to see more clearly whether we are
improving in this process of self-discipline.
We may summarize the
five precepts in relation to the spiritual qualities that they are likely to
produce and promote as follows. The first precept helps to promote goodwill,
compassion, and kindness. The second can be instrumental in developing
generosity, service, altruism, non-attachment, contentment, honesty, and right
livelihood. The third precept helps to cultivate self-restraint, mastery over
the emotions and senses, renunciation, and control of sensual desire. The
fourth precept leads to the development of honesty, reliability, and moral
integrity. The fifth precept helps to promote mindfulness, clarity of mind, and
wisdom.
Self-reliance and
responsibility are important features of the practice of Buddhist morality.
Because these precepts are meant to be a course of training, it can hardly be
expected that each and every practitioner will be able to follow them without
committing the slightest error, any more than it can be expected of a music
student not to make a single mistake in the course of his lessons. For people
with certain temperaments or occupations, some precepts may appear more
difficult to follow than the rest, but that should not be an obstacle to making
an attempt to keep the precepts. If one is discouraged from practicing, one
need simply consider that these precepts are a course of training; and
training, by definition, implies imperfection and a gradual process of
development.
However, for those who
are new to Buddhism, it may be a good idea to begin with greater emphasis on
those precepts that are easier to follow, bearing the others in mind for later
development. For instance, the second and the third precepts obviously need to
be practiced by virtue of necessity, for they are supported by laws and are in
perfect harmony with customs and conventions in all civilized societies. There
is, therefore, hardly an excuse for not practicing them. Having dealt with
these two precepts in this way, the remaining three present much lighter and
less daunting a task. In fact, if we understand the contents and meaning of the
five precepts correctly, we may come to feel that it is more natural to observe
them than not to.
Moral precepts and livelihood
It is not true to say
that fishermen, farmers, or hunters cannot observe the first precept. Like
people in other trades and occupations, they may not be able to observe all the
precepts all the time or in all circumstances, given their family obligations
and livelihood, but they can certainly practice them on special occasions, like
holy days, or when they are not actually engaged in their professions. In fact,
there may be more opportunities to practice than at first seems possible. We
observe the precepts in accordance with our abilities, training by degrees
until we are able to make the precepts part and parcel of our lives.
In the time of the
Buddha there were people engaged in occupations that involved killing, such as
hunters or fishermen. Farmers, too, were not free from killing, although the
intention involved might not be as direct. For all of these people the precepts
were there to be practiced, and some were better able to do so than others.
Each person has the opportunity to practice to the best of his or her abilities
until they become more mature and are spiritually ready to give up occupations
or trades that involve unwholesome kamma.
One difficulty for some
people is the use of alcoholic drinks: some feel discouraged from keeping the
fifth precept because some of their friends drink or because they have business
dealings with people who drink. Peer pressure and business objectives may be an
obstacle to the observance of this precept, but this is by no means
insurmountable. Most people are reasonable and do understand religious
conscience. Sometimes, citing physicians' opinions may add weight to an excuse
not to drink, but it is always best to be honest. In any case, a serious Dhamma
practitioner should not allow trivial things like this to prevent him or her
from trying to keep the precepts. There is always an opportunity to exert
oneself if one is earnest in the practice.
Moral precepts and passivity
If one carefully studies
the foregoing discussion on the five precepts, one will see that, although the
Pali texts are worded in the negative "... abstaining from ...",
there is the positive commitment "I undertake to observe the precept ..."
in all of them. Negative expressions do not necessarily represent negative or
passive attitudes of mind. Of course, misunderstandings may result from
misinterpretations of the Buddhist moral precepts (as they arise in regard to
other Pali technical terms like Nibbana, dukkha, santutthi,
and anatta).
From the practical
perspective Buddhist moral precepts do contain both positive and negative
aspects. However, from the psychological point of view it is important for
practitioners to first recognize that which is bad or wrong and which should be
abstained from. Abstention from wrong or evil deeds is the most significant
step toward real development in spirituality. Strangely enough, it often
appears that people are so preoccupied with doing good, they forget the most
important duty of refraining from evil. That is why even though one scientific
accomplishment after another is being achieved, crime rates are soaring
unchecked, and thinking people begin to question the benefits of those
accomplishments. In religious circles, devotees passionately try to accumulate
more and more merits without ever pausing to reflect whether there are things
that should be cleansed from their minds. As long as this negative aspect is
not attended to on a practical level, spiritual progress will not come about.
On the other hand, consider a society in which people were determined not to do
evil and who abstained from that which is bad and wrong; the result of such a
'negative' practice would indeed be most welcome. Even Nibbana is often
negatively described as "the abandoning and destruction of desire and
craving," and "the extinction of desire, the extinction of hatred,
and the extinction of delusion," although it is positively the highest
good.
Once wrong and evil
deeds have been abandoned, it becomes more natural to do good. Since life means
movement and action, any human expression which rejects evil is bound to be
good and positive. If false speech is given up, whatever is spoken will
naturally be truthful. Giving up of falsehood, which is a negative act,
therefore constitutes in itself not only a negation, but a positive attitude
and commitment. As the Buddha himself has admonished his followers:
"Abandoning false
speech, one speaks the truth, becomes dependable, trustworthy, and reliable,
and does not mislead the world. Abandoning malicious speech, one does not
repeat there what has been heard here, nor does one repeat here what has been
heard there, in order to sow the seeds of discord. One reconciles and unites
those disunited and promotes closer bonds among friends. Unity is one's delight
and joy, unity is one's love, it is the motive behind one's verbal expression.
Abandoning harsh speech, one employs a speech which is blameless, pleasant,
acceptable, heart-touching, civilized, and agreeable. Abandoning frivolous
speech, one uses speech which is appropriate to the occasion, correct,
purposeful, and in accordance with the Dhamma-Vinaya. One utters words that are
worthy, opportune, reasonable, meaningful, and straightforward."
One important reason why
the Buddhist moral precepts are phrased in negative terms is because the
negative mode of expression tends to convey clearer and more specific
injunctions which can be followed with ease. From a practical point of view,
"Do not kill" carries stronger impact and a clearer definition than
"Be kind to animals" and can be more conveniently practiced. From
experience, however, we will see that anyone who consciously and constantly
observes the first precept will naturally develop kindness toward people and
animals. The second precept, which says, "Do not take what is not
given," covers all forms of wrong livelihood, whether by deception, fraud,
bribery or theft. By earnestly observing this precept, one will naturally take a
positive step in earning one's livelihood in a righteous way. Through constant
awareness and direct control of greed and avarice, which motivate wrong
livelihood, one learns to develop generosity, altruism, and selfless service.
These and other positive virtues result from the so-called negative actions of
observing the moral precepts, clearly demonstrating how the precepts laid down
by the Buddha can bear positive results, despite their wording and expression.
Moral dilemmas
The first of the five
Buddhist moral precepts is based on the altruistic concept of universal love
and compassion. It is not only a way of life and an exercise in personal
morality, but also a part of the much larger scheme in spiritual discipline of
which purity of body, speech, and mind are indispensable ingredients. As such
it makes no exception in its practice, given the lofty ideal to which it is
designed to lead. However, in real life situations, we may need a more
practical attitude of mind to approach the problem in a more realistic manner.
First of all, we must
recognize the fact that destruction of life is a negative act and the volition
involved is an unwholesome one. By being honest with ourselves and by
impartially contemplating the results that such acts bring, we can realize the
wisdom of the first precept and consequently try to abstain from killing in any
form. Perfection in the practice comes with spiritual maturity, and until
perfection is attained, one needs to be aware of possible imperfections in the
practice and try to improve oneself accordingly.
Because perfection in
morality requires considerable effort and training, few can achieve it in the
beginning. One need not, therefore, feel discouraged, but should learn how
progress in the practice can be made through a systematized and graduated process
of training. For instance, one may begin by resolving to abandon any killing
that is not absolutely necessary. There are people who find pleasure in
destroying other creatures, such as those who fish or hunt for sport. This type
of killing is quite unnecessary and only demonstrates callousness. Others are
engaged in sports which involve pain and suffering to animals and may even cost
their lives, such as bull fights, cock fights, and fish fights -- all senseless
practices designed to satisfy sadistic impulses. One who wishes to train in the
Dhamma should avoid having anything to do with this kind of entertainment. One
may also resolve to show kindness to other people and animals in an objective
and concrete way whenever it is possible to do so. While circumstances may
prevent absolute abstention from killing, this may help to refine the mind and
develop more sensitivity to the suffering of other beings. Trying to look for
an alternative livelihood that does not involve destruction of life is a
further step to be considered.
Keeping one's home free
of pests or bugs by not creating conditions for their infestation helps reduce
the necessity for exterminating them. Ecologically, this is a very commendable
practice, since the adverse effects of chemical insecticides on the environment
are well known. Prevention is, indeed, better than cure even concerning bugs
and beetles. Cleanliness of habitat makes killing in such cases unnecessary.
Even in the field of agriculture, insecticide-free farming is becoming increasingly
popular and commercially competitive. If people are so inclined and compassion
prevails, killing can be greatly avoided even in the real life situations of an
ordinary householder with full family obligations and concerns.
In the unlikely event
that killing is absolutely inevitable, it may be advisable to note the obvious
distinction between killing out of cruelty and killing out of necessity. A
person who goes out fishing for pleasure is cruel. While he may love children
or make big donations for charitable institutions, as far as spirituality is
concerned his mind is not refined enough to be sensitive to the pain and
suffering of the poor creatures living in the river. A man who hunts for a
living does so because it is necessary to maintain himself and his family. It
would seem quite understandable that in the latter case the unwholesome effects
would likely be much lighter than the former. The same thing is true in the
case of killing for self defense. Killing dangerous animals, vermin, and insects
accrues less kammically unwholesome consequences than killing a human being or
an animal that serves man (such as a horse, a dog, or an elephant).
Buddhism, capital punishment and war
As a student of
Buddhism, one may realize that each person practices Dhamma according to his or
her ability and the opportunities that arise. A policeman on duty patrolling a
crime-infested street or a soldier at a border outpost surveying suspicious
movements inside hostile territory will experience totally different circumstances
in spiritual endeavor from a monk sitting peacefully in his cloistered cell.
Yet, what they do have in common is the opportunity to perform their duty. Each
must therefore understand how the Dhamma can be best practiced, given the
situation he is in. All of us are bounded up with certain duties, one way or
another. Where policemen and soldiers are concerned, it would be naive to deny
that their duties do include the possibility of killing.
It cannot be
overemphasized, however, that destruction of life is, from a Buddhist
standpoint, never justified. But in discussing the issue under question it is
hardly appropriate not to distinguish between spiritual objectives and those of
national security and administration. Capital punishment, for instance, is an
instrument by which law and order may be effectively maintained for the common
good of society, although Buddhism would not advocate that such a measure is
conducive to the police officers' spiritual well-being. The principles and
purposes on which the police and military institutions were established are as
far apart from those on which Buddhist spiritual training was formulated as
anything can be. Yet, Buddhism and those secular institutions do coexist now,
as they did during the time of the Buddha. Important military chiefs and
dignitaries are known to have been the Buddha's most devout followers. One does
not, therefore, make the mistake of concluding that a person cannot be a
Buddhist, or keep the Buddhist moral precepts for that matter, if he serves in
the armed forces or police establishment. As has been said before there are
more opportunities to practice the precepts than not to practice; this is true
even where the above-mentioned professions are concerned.
Stealing from the rich to feed the poor
Helping the poor is a
commendable effort, but stealing from the rich to fulfill that commitment can
hardly be justified. If this were made into a standard practice, society would
be in turmoil. Rights of possession would be ignored, and stealing would become
the accepted norm. Finally, the practice would defeat itself, and thievery
would be recognized as a charitable act. This is hardly a desirable state of
affairs; it is something not even remotely resembling a moral condition.
One of the distinct features
of the Buddhist moral precepts is the universal character in which they may be
practiced with benefit by all members of society. For instance, non-stealing
(second precept) can be universally observed with desirable results, and the
practice will help to promote coexistence, peace, and harmony in society. If
this precept were reversed and stealing were made a moral principle, we can
immediately see that there would be so much conflict and confusion that society
would eventually cease to function. Thus, stealing can never be made a moral
act, no matter how ideal and noble the motivation.
Extramarital sex
This is a rather complex
issue involving ramifications in emotional, social, and moral fields. The
problem is a cause for concern in modern times, especially in the West where
materialism has for so long been the philosophy of life.
The third moral precept
advises against all forms of sexual misconduct, which include rape, adultery,
promiscuity, paraphilia, and sexual perversions. Actually, the Buddhist
commentary emphasizes adultery more than anything else, but if we take into
account the purpose and intention of the precept, it is clear that the precept
is intended to cover all improper behavior with regard to sex. The broadest
interpretation even purports to mean abstention from the misuse of the senses.
The expression "misuse of the senses" is somewhat vague. It could
refer to any morally unwholesome action committed under the influence of
sensual desire or to the inability to control one's own senses. In any case
there is no doubt that the third precept aims at promoting, among other things,
proper sexual behavior and a sense of social decency in a human civilization
where monogamy is commonly practiced and self-restraint is a cherished moral
value.
For one reason or
another, many young people in love are not able to enter into married life as
early as they wish. While marriage is still some distance in the future, or
even an uncertain quantity, these people enter into relationships, of which sex
forms a significant part. This happens not only among adults, who must legally
answer to their own conduct, but also among teenagers who are still immature,
emotionally unstable, and tend to act in irresponsible ways. Peer pressure and
altered moral values are an important contributing factor to the escalation of
the problem. The trend toward extramarital sex has become so common that it is
now virtually taken for granted. Contubernal arrangements are becoming
increasingly popular, and marriage is relegated to a place of insignificance,
jeopardizing in the process the sanctity of family life.
In the context of these
developments, the third precept becomes all the more relevant and meaningful.
Unlike killing, which certain circumstances seem to warrant, there is hardly
any plausible excuse for sexual promiscuity, except human weaknesses and
inability to restrain the sexual urge. However, there is a distinction between
sexual promiscuity and sexual relationship based on mutual trust and
commitment, even if the latter were a relationship between two single adults.
Thus one may begin to practice the third precept by resolving not to be
involved in sexual activities without an earnest intention and serious
commitment of both parties. This means that sex should not be consummated
merely for the sake of sexuality, but should be performed with full
understanding within the people involved and with mutual responsibility for its
consequences. A certain level of maturity and emotional stability is necessary
to ensure a healthy and productive sexual relationship between two partners.
With the realization that there is a better and more noble path to follow than
promiscuity, one may see the wisdom of self-restraint and the benefit of
establishing a more lasting and meaningful relationship which, rather than
impeding one's spiritual progress, may enhance it.
Finally, if anything
else fails to convince people of the danger and undesirability of sexual
promiscuity, perhaps the phenomenal AIDS epidemic will. This may seem beside the
point, since moral precepts and moral integrity are matters that concern inner
strength, fortitude, and conscientious practice, not fear and trepidation based
on extraneous factors. It is, nevertheless, worthwhile to consider the
connection between promiscuous behavior and the AIDS epidemic and realize how
strict observance of the third Buddhist moral precept could greatly reduce the
risk of infection or spread of this deadly disease. Acceptance of this fact may
also lead to an appreciation of the value of morality and moral precepts as
laid down by the Buddha, consequently strengthening conviction in the Dhamma
practice.
White lies
The practice of the
fourth precept aims at inculcating a respect for truth in the mind, implying
both one's own obligations as well as the rights of other people to truth. This
is one of the most important components in developing sound social
relationships, and it makes all documents, contracts, agreements, deeds, and
business dealings meaningful. When we resort to falsehood, we not only become
dishonest but also show disrespect to the truth. People who tell lies discredit
themselves and become untrustworthy.
It is true that
sometimes telling lies may prove more profitable than truth, especially from
the material point of view. Because such gains are unwholesome and may cause
harm in the long run, and because material profits are likely to lead to more
falsehood and fabrication, it is imperative that the practice of the fourth
precept be duly emphasized. Where a person's reputation and feelings are
concerned, discretion should be exercised. Of course, there are instances where
silence is more appropriate than speech, and one may choose this as an
alternative to prevarication and falsehood.
Motivation is an
important element in determining if one is transgressing the fourth precept and
whether a given verbal expression constitutes a kammically unwholesome act. For
instance, when an event is fictionalized for literary purposes, this may not be
regarded as falsehood as such for the intention of the work is obvious and
there is no attempt at falsification involved. Another example is the case of
an invective, where an abusive expression is used (such as angrily calling
someone a dog). This is a case of vituperation rather than fabrication or
falsification, although it is, nonetheless, a kammically unwholesome act. Also,
there is a clear distinction between expressing untruth with a selfish
intention and with a well-meaning motive, as when a concocted story is told for
instructional purposes or a white lie is told in order to keep an innocent
child out of danger.
These latter two
instances are even accepted as illustrations of the employment of skillful
means. A story is told of a mother who returns home to find her house on fire.
Her little son is playing in the house, unaware that its burning roof could
collapse at any moment. He is so engrossed that he pays no attention to his
mother, who is now in great distress, being unable to get into the house
herself. So she calls out to her child, "Come quickly, my little one, I
have some wonderful toys for you. All the toys you ever wanted to have are
here!" In this instance the mother is using a skillful means that
eventually saves the boy's life. Under certain circumstances, this may be the
only alternative, but indiscriminate use of such means may lead to undesirable
results. One needs to be judicious, therefore, in the practice of the precepts.
Sometimes speaking the
truth may cause more harm than good, especially if it is done with malicious
intent. A vindictive neighbor who spreads the scandals about the family next
door may be speaking the truth, but she is neither doing anyone a service, nor
is she practicing the Dhamma. A spy who sells his nation's sensitive classified
information to an enemy may be speaking the truth, but he could cause much harm
to his nation's security and jeopardize many innocent lives. The Buddha says,
therefore, that one should speak the truth which is useful and conducive to the
Dhamma, and should avoid that which is useless and is likely to cause
unwholesome kamma to oneself and others.
Intoxicants
The fifth precept covers
all intoxicants, including narcotics, that alter the state of consciousness and
are physiologically addictive. The danger and negative effects of narcotics,
such as cocaine and heroin, are too well known to need any further elaboration.
Today they represent a serious health and social problem around the world.
Drinking intoxicants is
not part of the Buddhist culture, although it seems to have become a widespread
phenomenon in modern society. It is true that alcoholic consumption was
prevalent before and during the time of the Buddha, but he never approved of the
practice. The fact that something is commonly practiced does not necessarily
mean that it is good and wholesome. Those who advocate drinking as a factor for
promoting friendship forget to take account of the reality that so many
friendships have been drowned in those intoxicants. The brawls, strife and
unruly behavior that often follow the consumption of alcoholic beverages
represent an unequivocal testimony of the ignoble state to which human beings
can be reduced to under the influence of intoxicants. Friendship founded on
compassion and mutual understanding is much more desirable than that which is
based on alcohol. Social drinking may produce a general euphoric atmosphere
among drinkers (and probably a nuisance for nondrinkers), but it is never a
necessary condition for interpersonal relationship. Often, people use this as
an excuse to get drunk. The high rate of car accidents connected with drunk
driving should serve as a strong reminder of the danger and undesirability of
alcoholic consumption. On the other hand, it may be mentioned in passing that
liquor does contain certain medicinal properties and can be used for medical
purposes. Such use, if genuine and under qualified supervision, does not entail
transgression of the fifth precept and is not considered a morally unwholesome
act.
The most obvious danger
of intoxicants is the fact that they tend to distort the sensibilities and
deprive people of their self-control and powers of judgment. Under alcoholic
influences, a person is likely to act rashly and without due consideration or
forethought. Otherwise decent people may even commit murder or rape under the
influence of alcohol, or cause all kinds of damage (such as fire, accident, and
vandalism) to people or property. The Buddha described addiction to intoxicants
as one of the six causes of ruin. It brings about six main disadvantages: loss
of wealth, quarrels and strife, a poor state of health (liability to diseases),
a source of disgrace, shameless and indecent behavior, and weakened
intelligence and mental faculties.
Other precepts
Occasionally, lay
Buddhists may take the opportunity to observe the eight precepts as a means of
developing higher virtues and self-control. Of course, these can be practiced
as often as one wishes, but the special occasions on which they are normally
observed are the holy days, especially the more important ones, the three month
period of rains retreat, and special events connected with one's life.
Sometimes, a Buddhist may observe them even as a token of gratitude and respect
to a deceased relative or on the occasion of a birth anniversary of a monk he
reveres. Four of these eight precepts are identical with the five precepts
mentioned above. In order, they are as follows:
1. to abstain from the
destruction of life
2. to abstain from stealing or taking what is not given
3. to abstain from sexual intercourse (to practice celibacy)
4. to abstain from falsehood
5. to abstain from alcoholic drinks
6. to abstain from partaking of food from afternoon till the following daybreak
7. to abstain from singing and entertainments, from decorating oneself and use of perfumes
8. to abstain from the use of large and luxurious beds.
2. to abstain from stealing or taking what is not given
3. to abstain from sexual intercourse (to practice celibacy)
4. to abstain from falsehood
5. to abstain from alcoholic drinks
6. to abstain from partaking of food from afternoon till the following daybreak
7. to abstain from singing and entertainments, from decorating oneself and use of perfumes
8. to abstain from the use of large and luxurious beds.
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